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Gloria Blackwell, also known as Gloria Rackley (March 11, 1927 – December 7, 2010), was an African-American civil rights activist and educator. She was at the center of the Civil Rights Movement in Orangeburg, South Carolina during the 1960s, attracting some national attention and a visit by Dr. Martin Luther King of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Her activities were widely covered (and criticized) by the local press. Arrested for sitting in the "whites only" area of the regional hospital when her daughter needed emergency treatment, Blackwell sued and won, ending its segregation. After being fired by the city's white school board in economic retaliation, she sued the board and won in 1962. She left the state in the 1960s, teaching at colleges and universities. She earned a doctorate at Emory University in 1973, and taught at Clark Atlanta University for 20 years. == Biography == Gloria Thomasina Blackwell was born in Little Rock in Dillon County, South Carolina, the second of three children and the only girl,〔Melissa Walker, Jeanette R. Dunn, Joe P. Dunn, (p. 92 ''Southern Women at the Millennium: A Historical Perspective'' ), University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri (2003), p. 92, ISBN 0-8262-1505-X, Google Books. Retrieved June 6, 2011〕 to Harrison Benjamin Blackwell (born 1889), a barber, and Lurline Olivia Thomas Blackwell (born 1895),〔(About Yeefah ) J.P. Snyder: Discussions From a Global Perspective. Retrieved June 6, 2011〕 a teacher at the Little Rock Colored School and musician at the Methodist church.〔〔("Gloria Blackwell (Rackley) Biography" ), The History Makers. Retrieved June 3, 2011〕〔Carolyn Click, ("Orangeburg civil rights icon, and Claflin alumna Dr. Gloria Rackley Blackwell dies" ), Claflin University (December 10, 2010). Retrieved June 2, 2011〕 Her brothers were Harrison and LeGrand. Her mother was a community volunteer, and Gloria's maternal grandfather S. J. McDonald was active with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),〔 established in 1909, and served as a Methodist minister.〔Walker et al. (2003) (p. 103 ''Southern Women'' ), p. 103〕〔Richard Reid, ("The Gloria Rackley-Blackwell story" ), ''The Times and Democrat'', (February 22, 2011). Retrieved June 3, 2011〕 Blackwell attended Mather Academy in Camden, South Carolina and graduated high school in Sumter, South Carolina in 1943. At the age of 16, she enrolled at her mother's alma mater, Claflin Collegein Orangeburg.〔〔 In 1944, Blackwell left college to marry Jimmy Becknell. They had three daughters and lived for a time in Chicago, Illinois, where many blacks migrated from the South during the Great Migration.〔 The marriage ended in divorce. Blackwell lost her eldest daughter at the age of five in a car accident, which left the mother with a scar on her face.〔Martha Barksdale, ("Civil rights pioneer Blackwell dies" ), ''Fayette County News'' (December 14, 2010). Retrieved June 6, 2011〕 She returned to live in Orangeburg near her family with her two small daughters.〔 Blackwell completed her degree at Claflin, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in 1953.〔 When she married again, her second husband, Larney G. (Jack) Rackley, a professor at South Carolina State University, adopted her daughters, Jamelle and Lurma, giving them his surname.〔 Blackwell continued with graduate study, receiving a Master of Arts degree in education from South Carolina State University.〔 She later returned to university for additional graduate education, earning a doctorate in 1973 in American studies〔 from Emory University in Atlanta.〔 Blackwell became an elementary school teacher in Orangeburg, teaching third grade. Like the rest of the state, the city had segregated public schools.〔 Whites used economic retaliation to try to suppress civil rights activism in the 1960s, and fired Blackwell in 1964. She challenged the action in a civil suit and won restoration to her job, but she and her husband decided to leave the area. Later Blackwell moved to Virginia for a job teaching at Norfolk State College, now Norfolk State University. From 1968–1970, she directed African-American studies at American International College in Springfield, Massachusetts.〔 After completing her doctorate, in 1973 Blackwell began teaching at Clark Atlanta University. She continued there for her remaining academic career until retirement in 1993.〔("State civil rights leader dead at 83" ), ''The Augusta Chronicle'' (December 10, 2010). Retrieved June 3, 2011〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gloria Blackwell」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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